Photopolymeric Materials in 3D Printing of Rolling Stock Parts: Modification to Increase Strength and Durability

Today, additive manufacturing technology allows various components of mechanical systems, and is also used in various industries. Photopolymerization has been widely used in industry in recent years, while the properties of this type of polymers limit their use, namely mechanical strength and tribological properties. This paper discusses the advantages of photopolymerization technology, as well as possible methods for modifying photocurable resin to improve the mechanical and tribological characteristics of the final material.

1. Bell, P. C. Mechanical Power Transmission; Bell, P.C., Ed.; Palgrave Macmillan Press Limited: London, UK, (1971); ISBN 978-1-349-01197-1.

2. Hu, C. Development of a gear vibration indicator and its application in gear wear monitoring / Hu, C.; Smith, W.A.; Randall, R.B.; Peng, Z. // Mech. Syst. Signal Process. (2016), 76– 77, 319–336.

3. Radzevich, S. P. Dudley’s Handbook of Practical Gear Design and Manufacture, 2nd ed./ Radzevich, S.P.// Ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, (2012); ISBN 9780429109065.

4. Bhushan, B. Principles and Applications of Tribology, 2nd ed.; John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.: Chichester, UK, (2013); ISBN 9781118403020.

5. ISO/ASTM 52900:2015 Standard Terminology for Additive Manufacturing–General Principles–Terminology; International Organization for Standardization: Geneva, Switzerland, (2015).

6. Gibson, I. Additive Manufacturing Technologies: 3D Printing, Rapid Prototyping, and Direct Digital Manufacturing / Gibson, I.; Rosen, D.; Stucker, B. // 2nd ed.; Springer: New York, NY. USA, (2015); ISBN 9781493921133.

7. Liu, J. Current and future trends in topology optimization for additive manufacturing. / Gaynor, A.T., Chen, S., Kang, Z., Suresh, K., Takezawa, A., Li, L., Kato, J., Tang, J., Wang, C.C.L. // Struct. Multidiscip. Optim. (2018), 57, 2457–2483.

8. Berger, U. Aspects of accuracy and precision in the additive manufacturing of plastic gears / Berger, U. // Virtual Phys. Prototyp. (2015), 10, 49–57.

9. Amiruddin, H. Comparative study of the tribological behaviour of 3D-printed and moulded ABS under lubricated condition. / Amiruddin, H.; Abdollah, M.F. Bin; Norashid, N.A. // Mater. Res. Express (2019), 6, 085328.

10. Arif, M. F. Multifunctional performance of carbon nanotubes and graphene nanoplatelets reinforced PEEK composites enabled via FFF additive manufacturing. / Arif, M.F. Alhashmi, H., Varadarajan, K.M., Koo, J.H., Hart, A.J., Kumar, S. //Compos. Part B Eng. (2020), 184, 107625.

11. Bai, J. Tribological and mechanical properties of MoS2 enhanced polyamide 12 for selective laser sintering. / Bai, J., Song, J., Wei, J. // J. Mater. Process. Technol. (2019), 264, 382– 388.

12. Palma, T. Multiscale mechanical and tribological characterizations of additively manufactured polyamide 12 parts with different print orientations. / Palma, T., Munther, M., Damasus, P., Salari, S., Beheshti, A., Davami, K. //J. Manuf. Process. (2019), 40, 76–83.

13. Shusteff, M. One-step volumetric additive manufacturing of complex polymer structures. / Shusteff, M., Browar, A.E.M., Kelly, B.E., Henriksson, J., Weisgraber, T.H., Panas, R.M., Fang, N.X., Spadaccini, C.M. // Sci. Adv. (2017), 3, eaao5496.

14. Schwartz, J. J. Multimaterial actinic spatial control 3D and 4D printing. / Schwartz, J.J., Boydston, A.J.// Nat. Commun. (2019), 10, 1–10.

15. Maruo, S. Submicron stereolithography for the production of freely movable mechanisms by using single-photon polymerization. / Maruo, S., Ikuta, K. // Sensors Actuators A Phys. (2002), 100, 70–76.

16. Slapnik, J. Tailoring properties of photopolymers for additive manufacturing with mixture design. / Slapnik, J., Pulko, I. // Prog. Addit. Manuf. (2020), DOI:10.1007/s40964-020-00147-1.

17. Markandan, K. Enhanced mechanical properties of 3D printed graphene-polymer composite lattices at very low graphene concentrations. / Markandan, K., Lai, C.Q. //Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. (2020), 129, 105726.

18. Dunnigan, R. Beneficial usage of recycled polymer particulates for designing novel 3D printed composites. / Dunnigan, R., Clemens, J., Cavalli, M.N., Kaabouch, N., Gupta, S. // Prog. Addit. Manuf. (2018), 3, 33–38.

19. Hanon, M. Tribological and mechanical properties investigation of 3D printed polymers using DLP technique. / Hanon, M., Zsidai, L. // 2nd International Conference on Materials Engineering & Science (ICONMEAS 2019). (2020), DOI:10.1063/5.0000267.

20. Hanon, M., Ghaly A., Zsidai L., Klébert S., Tribological characteristics of digital light processing (DLP) 3D printed graphene/resin composite: Influence of graphene presence and process settings, Materials & Design, 218, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.(2022)

21. Kazemi, M. An experimental and theoretical study of the abrasion performance of digital light processing parts. / Kazemi, M., Rahimi, A.// Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture, 235(6-7), 1022–1035., (2020). DOI:10.1177/0954405420981333.

22. Alajmi, M. Tribological characteristics of graphite epoxy composites using adhesive wear experiments. / Alrashdan, K.R., Alsaeed, T., Shalwan, A. // J. Mater. Res. Technol. (2020), 9, 13671–13681.

23. Slapnik, J., Stiller, T., Wilhelm, T., Hausberger, A., Influence of Solid Lubricants on the Tribological Performance of Photocurable Resins for Vat Photopolymerization. Lubricants, 8(12), 104. (2020). DOI:10.3390/lubricants8120104.

24. Huettig, F., Polishability and wear resistance of splint material for oral appliances produced with conventional, subtractive, and additive manufacturing. / Huettig, F., Kustermann, A., Kuscu, E., Geis-Gerstorfer, J., Spintzyk, S. //Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 75, 175– 179, (2017) DOI:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.07.019.

25. Hanon, Muammel & Ghaly, Arsany & Zsidai, L. & Szakal, Zoltan & Szabó, István & Kátai, László. (2021). Investigations of the Mechanical Properties of DLP 3D Printed Graphene/Resin Composites. Acta Polytechnica Hungarica. 18. 143-161. 10.12700/APH.18.8.2021.8.8.